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Alexander Flavoured Rehabilitation โ€“ II โ€ข ใ‚ขใƒฌใ‚ฏใ‚ตใƒณใƒ€ใƒผ้ขจใƒชใƒใƒ“ใƒชใƒ†ใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณ โ€“ II

Jun 14, 2025

ใ€Œไปฅไธ‹ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใ€

Previously, I promised to detail how I am using an alternative approach to the rehabilitation of my traumatised glennohumeral joint (shoulder joint) after a fall while running.

First off, there’s a critical time issue—hence the speed at which conventional therapy insists on treating new injuries. This is related to the neuroplasticity of our brains. Trauma triggers a cascade of neural responses—linked to inflammation, pain, and limb use—that can, over time, cause lasting changes in the brain’s sensory and motor maps, contributing to chronic pain.

Addressing your injury immediately is by far the best course of action.

The premise of my approach is that you have a clean-clear understanding of the function of your postural movements. You understand that postural movements are designed to optimise your other movements – such as picking up a cup of coffee from the table. In this case, I do not need to understand how my arm is responding to the injury - I need only know how my arm would behave to pick up the coffee if I had no injury. I seek to restore that.

Of course, as I seek to restore my arm to normal use, I discover how it is behaving.

I am observing signs of arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI) in my rotator cuff muscles, resulting in a loss of postural tone and apparent depression of the shoulder girdle—evidenced by my arm hanging lower when I stand. In response, larger muscles begin to compensate for the stabilising function normally provided by my inhibited rotator cuff muscles. In my case, this alteration helps to generate a continuous nociceptor-inspired aching in the region, which no amount of massage or movement can ease. My compensation becomes particularly evident during actions like extending my arm to pick up a cup of coffee. An action like this would calls for fine stabilisation of the glenohumeral joint, but the intense increase in pain I experience triggers a reflexive inhibition of the muscles designed to do this, disrupting my normal coordination.

When feeling this pain, a person unskilled in postural optimisation might add to the mess by saying things to themselves like: “I must relax my shoulder” or “I will let my shoulder drop”. While these kinds of messages are quite common in everyday life, they could prove fatal to the successful rehabilitation of an upper arm joint trauma.

In conventional therapy, the solution is to force the arm to behave correctly by devising exercises that can not be done without firing off the muscles that are being inhibited due to the pain. This is why my Physio at the hospital told me: “Pain up to 6 out of 10 is OK”. This all makes sense when the person has no knowledge of how their arm is designed to behave normally and most people don’t – why do we need to know that?

We don’t, unless things go wrong. Research shows that other mammals have the same inability to regulate postural movements and can, like us, suffer from persistent gait and related brain maladaptations which in turn generate consequential pains and problems over the longer term.

So what do I do?

I don’t do exercises – I do life.

Which means, as in therapy, I continue to ask my arm to perform as though there is no injury. In this approach, I don’t need to know how my arm is going out of its norm; I only need to know how to continue being posturally integrated. My focus is on postural optimisation while performing an action, whether I can complete it or not. In one sense, this is no different from an “exercise” that seeks to do the same thing. The difference is I don’t need any special equipment or time, I just guide my Self in a posturally accurate way while doing the everyday things of life.

Which, when you think about it, is the aim of Alexander Technique lessons!

Postural optimisation has been improving itself for over 500 million years. That’s a long period of research and development - trusting this optimisation process means leaning into evolution itself. I feel safe doing that.

However, there remains a huge problem – pain.

As I wrote at the start of this series, dealing with your pain is a crucial task of a successful rehabilitative process. Pain creates sensory dullness. You find it hard to know what is going on. However, postural optimisation calls for highly accurate and informed movement guidance. Pain obscures your ability to do this.

Pain is actually a function of the brain, not of damaged tissues. Pain – or dull sensory feedback – can easily trick you into making movements that are counterproductive to rehabilitation.

Eventually, left to itself unabated, pain transforms into your primary problem.

How do I avoid that happening?

Well, I have secret sauce!

Stay tuned.

 

NEXT: Alexander Flavoured Rehabilitation - Part III

*** JAPANESE ***

ใ‚ขใƒฌใ‚ฏใ‚ตใƒณใƒ€ใƒผ้ขจใƒชใƒใƒ“ใƒชใƒ†ใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณ – ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆ2

ไปฅๅ‰ใ€็งใฏ่ปขๅ€’ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๆๅ‚ทใ—ใŸ่‚ฉ็”ฒไธŠ่…•้–ข็ฏ€๏ผˆ่‚ฉ้–ข็ฏ€๏ผ‰ใฎใƒชใƒใƒ“ใƒชใซใคใ„ใฆใ€้€šๅธธใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใ‚ขใƒ—ใƒญใƒผใƒใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฉณใ—ใใŠไผใˆใ™ใ‚‹ใจ็ด„ๆŸใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚

ใพใšๆœ€ๅˆใซ้‡่ฆใชใฎใฏใ€Œๆ™‚้–“ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใใ€้€šๅธธใฎ็†ๅญฆ็™‚ๆณ•ใงใฏใ‚ฑใ‚ฌใฎ็›ดๅพŒใซ็ด ๆ—ฉใๅ‡ฆ็ฝฎใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๆฑ‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใŸใกใฎ่„ณใฎ็ฅž็ตŒๅฏๅก‘ๆ€ง๏ผˆใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใƒญใƒ—ใƒฉใ‚นใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚ทใƒ†ใ‚ฃ๏ผ‰ใซ้–ขไฟ‚ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ๅค–ๅ‚ทใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใจใ€็‚Ž็—‡ใ‚„็—›ใฟใ€ๆ‚ฃ้ƒจใฎไฝฟ็”จใซ้–ข้€ฃใ—ใŸ็ฅž็ตŒๅๅฟœใฎ้€ฃ้Ž–ใŒๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ๆ™‚้–“ใฎ็ตŒ้Žใจใจใ‚‚ใซใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ่„ณใฎๆ„Ÿ่ฆšๅœฐๅ›ณใ‚„้‹ๅ‹•ๅœฐๅ›ณใซๆŒ็ถš็š„ใชๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ€ๆ…ขๆ€ง็š„ใช็—›ใฟใฎไธ€ๅ› ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚

ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใใ€ใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ๆ—ฉใใ‚ฑใ‚ฌใซๅฏพๅฟœใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๆœ€ๅ–„ใฎ้ธๆŠžใงใ™ใ€‚

็งใฎใ‚ขใƒ—ใƒญใƒผใƒใฎๅ‰ๆใฏใ€ใ€Œๅงฟๅ‹ข้‹ๅ‹•ใฎๆฉŸ่ƒฝใซใคใ„ใฆๆ˜Ž็ขบใซ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ๅงฟๅ‹ข้‹ๅ‹•ใฏใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚ซใƒƒใƒ—ใ‚’ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ–ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใฃใŸไป–ใฎๅ‹•ไฝœใ‚’ๆœ€้ฉๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ่จญ่จˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€็งใŒ็Ÿฅใ‚‹ในใใชใฎใฏใ€ใ‚ฑใ‚ฌใ‚’ใ—ใŸ่…•ใŒไปŠใฉใ†ใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใงใฏใชใใ€ใ€Œใ‚ฑใ‚ฌใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚‰่…•ใŒใฉใ†ๅ‹•ใใ‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ใใฎๅ‹•ใใ‚’ๅ›žๅพฉใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ็งใฎ็›ฎๆจ™ใงใ™ใ€‚

ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€่…•ใ‚’้€šๅธธใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใซๆˆปใใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ไธญใงใ€ไปŠใฎ่…•ใฎ็Šถๆ…‹ใ‚‚่ฆ‹ใˆใฆใใพใ™ใ€‚

็พๅœจใ€็งใฏใƒญใƒผใƒ†ใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ซใƒ•็ญ‹็พคใซ้–ข็ฏ€ๅŽŸๆ€ง็ญ‹ๆŠ‘ๅˆถ๏ผˆAMI๏ผ‰ใฎๅ…†ๅ€™ใ‚’่ฆณๅฏŸใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅงฟๅ‹ขใƒˆใƒผใƒณใŒๅคฑใ‚ใ‚Œใ€่‚ฉ็”ฒๅธฏใŒไธ‹ใŒใฃใฆ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ โ€• ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็ซ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่…•ใŒ้€šๅธธใ‚ˆใ‚ŠไฝŽใๅž‚ใ‚Œไธ‹ใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใใฎ็ตๆžœใ€ๆŠ‘ๅˆถใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ็ญ‹่‚‰ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคงใใช็ญ‹่‚‰ใŒๅฎ‰ๅฎšๅŒ–ใฎๅฝนๅ‰ฒใ‚’ไปฃ่กŒใ—ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใฎไปฃๅ„Ÿ้‹ๅ‹•ใŒใ€ๆŒ็ถš็š„ใช้ˆใ„็—›ใฟใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ใƒžใƒƒใ‚ตใƒผใ‚ธใงใ‚‚้‹ๅ‹•ใงใ‚‚ใชใ‹ใชใ‹ๅ’Œใ‚‰ใŽใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ“ใฎไปฃๅ„Ÿใฏใ€่…•ใ‚’ไผธใฐใ—ใฆใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚ซใƒƒใƒ—ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅ‹•ไฝœใง็‰นใซๆ˜Ž็ขบใซ็พใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ๆœฌๆฅใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ“ใฎๅ‹•ไฝœใซใฏ่‚ฉ้–ข็ฏ€ใฎ็ฒพๅฏ†ใชๅฎ‰ๅฎšๅŒ–ใŒๆฑ‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใŒใ€็—›ใฟใŒๅข—ใ™ใ“ใจใงใใฎๅฎ‰ๅฎšๅŒ–ใซ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‹็ญ‹่‚‰ใŒๅๅฐ„็š„ใซๆŠ‘ๅˆถใ•ใ‚Œใ€ๅ”่ชฟ้‹ๅ‹•ใŒไนฑใ‚Œใฆใ—ใพใ†ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚

ใ“ใ†ใ—ใŸ็—›ใฟใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใŸใจใใ€ๅงฟๅ‹ขใฎๆœ€้ฉๅŒ–ใซๆ…ฃใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ไบบใฏใ€ใ€Œ่‚ฉใฎๅŠ›ใ‚’ๆŠœใ“ใ†ใ€ใจใ‹ใ€Œ่‚ฉใ‚’่ฝใจใใ†ใ€ใจใ„ใฃใŸใ‚ปใƒซใƒ•ใƒˆใƒผใ‚ฏใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ—ใพใ„ใŒใกใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๆ—ฅๅธธ็š„ใซ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹่€ƒใˆๆ–นใงใ™ใŒใ€ไธŠ่…•ใฎๅค–ๅ‚ทใƒชใƒใƒ“ใƒชใซใŠใ„ใฆใฏ่‡ดๅ‘ฝ็š„ใชๅฆจใ’ใจใชใ‚Šๅพ—ใพใ™ใ€‚

ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช็†ๅญฆ็™‚ๆณ•ใงใฏใ€็—›ใฟใงๆŠ‘ๅˆถใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹็ญ‹่‚‰ใ‚’ใ‚ใˆใฆๅ‹•ๅ“กใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚จใ‚ฏใ‚ตใ‚ตใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’่จญ่จˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€่…•ใ‚’ๆญฃใ—ใ„ๅ‹•ไฝœใซๆˆปใ™ใ“ใจใ‚’็›ฎๆŒ‡ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใใ€็—…้™ขใฎใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚ธใ‚ชใŒ็งใซใ“ใ†่จ€ใฃใŸใฎใงใ™๏ผšใ€Œ10ๆฎต้šŽไธญ6ใพใงใฎ็—›ใฟใชใ‚‰OKใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€่…•ใŒ้€šๅธธใฉใ†ๅ‹•ใในใใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ไบบใซใจใฃใฆใฏ็†ใซใ‹ใชใฃใŸใ‚ขใƒ—ใƒญใƒผใƒใงใ™ใ€‚ใใ—ใฆใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎไบบใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ โ€• ็Ÿฅใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใ‚‚ใชใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚

ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใ†ใพใใ„ใ‹ใชใใชใฃใŸใจใใฏๅˆฅใงใ™ใ€‚็ ”็ฉถใซใ‚ˆใ‚Œใฐใ€ไป–ใฎๅ“บไนณ้กžใ‚‚ๅŒๆง˜ใซๅงฟๅ‹ข้‹ๅ‹•ใ‚’่‡ชๅˆ†ใง่ชฟๆ•ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใšใ€ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใจๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€ๆ…ขๆ€ง็š„ใชๆญฉ่กŒใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใฎไนฑใ‚Œใ‚„ใ€ใใ‚Œใซไผดใ†่„ณใฎไธ้ฉๅฟœใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹็—›ใฟใ‚„้šœๅฎณใซ้•ทๆœŸ็š„ใซ่‹ฆใ—ใ‚€ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚

ใงใฏใ€็งใฏใฉใ†ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ

็งใฏใ€Œใ‚จใ‚ฏใ‚ตใ‚ตใ‚คใ‚บใ€ใฏใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚

็งใฏใ€Œ็”Ÿๆดปใ€ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚

ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็†ๅญฆ็™‚ๆณ•ใจๅŒใ˜ใใ€็งใฏใ€Œใ‚ฑใ‚ฌใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ‹ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€่…•ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„็ถšใ‘ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใฎใ‚ขใƒ—ใƒญใƒผใƒใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใฉใ†ไนฑใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€ใ€Œใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐๅงฟๅ‹ข็š„ใซ็ตฑๅˆใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใพใพใงใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใซๆ„่ญ˜ใ‚’ๅ‘ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ‹•ไฝœใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใซ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใใฎๅ‹•ไฝœใฎไธญใงๅงฟๅ‹ขใฎๆœ€้ฉๅŒ–ใ‚’่ฟฝๆฑ‚ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œใ‚จใ‚ฏใ‚ตใ‚ตใ‚คใ‚บใ€ใจๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใ‚’็›ฎๆŒ‡ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใŸใ ใ€็งใซใฏ็‰นๅˆฅใชๅ™จๅ…ทใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚ใ–ใ‚ใ–ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ๅฟ…่ฆใชใใ€ๆ—ฅๅธธ็”Ÿๆดปใฎไธญใงใ€ๆญฃ็ขบใชๅงฟๅ‹ขใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚’ใ‚ฌใ‚คใƒ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใชใฎใงใ™ใ€‚

ใ‚ˆใ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ“ใใŒใ‚ขใƒฌใ‚ฏใ‚ตใƒณใƒ€ใƒผใƒปใƒ†ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒผใ‚ฏใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎ็›ฎ็š„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญใ€‚

ๅงฟๅ‹ขใฎๆœ€้ฉๅŒ–ใฏใ€5ๅ„„ๅนดไปฅไธŠใ‚‚ใฎ้€ฒๅŒ–ใฎไธญใงๆด—็ทดใ•ใ‚Œ็ถšใ‘ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใปใฉ้•ทใ„็ ”็ฉถ้–‹็™บๆœŸ้–“ใฏไป–ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใ‚’ไฟก้ ผใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏใ€้€ฒๅŒ–ใใฎใ‚‚ใฎใซ่บซใ‚’ใ‚†ใ ใญใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€‚็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฟกใ˜ใฆใ‚‚ๅคงไธˆๅคซใ ใจๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚

ใจใฏใ„ใˆใ€ๅคงใใชๅ•้กŒใŒๆฎ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚

ใใ‚ŒใŒใ€Œ็—›ใฟใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚

ใ“ใฎใ‚ทใƒชใƒผใ‚บใฎๅ†’้ ญใงใ‚‚ๆ›ธใใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ใƒชใƒใƒ“ใƒชๆˆๅŠŸใฎ้ตใฏใ€Œ็—›ใฟใจใฎๅ‘ใๅˆใ„ๆ–นใ€ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚็—›ใฟใฏๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใฎ้ˆๅŒ–ใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ—ใ€ใ€ŒไปŠไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใซใใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅงฟๅ‹ขใฎๆœ€้ฉๅŒ–ใซใฏใ€้žๅธธใซ็ฒพๅฏ†ใงๆ˜Ž็ขบใชๅ‹•ใใฎใ‚ฌใ‚คใƒ€ใƒณใ‚นใŒๆฑ‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚็—›ใฟใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ›‡ใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚

็—›ใฟใจใฏใ€ๅฎŸใฏๆๅ‚ท้ƒจไฝใฎๅ•้กŒใงใฏใชใใ€Œ่„ณใฎๅƒใใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚็—›ใฟใ‚„้ˆใ„ๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒ‰ใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใฏใ€ใƒชใƒใƒ“ใƒชใซๅใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‹•ใใ‚’่ช˜ๅฐŽใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚

ๆ”พ็ฝฎใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ‚„ใŒใฆ็—›ใฟใใฎใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ€ŒไธปใŸใ‚‹ๅ•้กŒใ€ใธใจๅค‰่ฒŒใ—ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚

็งใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆ้˜ฒใ„ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ

ใใ‚Œใซใฏ็งใชใ‚Šใฎใ€Œ็ง˜ไผใฎใ‚ฟใƒฌใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™๏ผ

ๆฌกๅ›žใ‚’ใŠๆฅฝใ—ใฟใซใ€‚

 

NEXT: ใ‚ขใƒฌใ‚ฏใ‚ตใƒณใƒ€ใƒผ้ขจใƒชใƒใƒ“ใƒชใƒ†ใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณ – ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆ-III

 

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